Which mineral is primarily deposited by osteoblasts in the bone matrix?
Sodium chloride
Hydroxyapatite
Magnesium sulfate
Calcium carbonate
What role does the mineralized skeleton play in acid-base balance?
It neutralizes excess stomach acid
It acts as a buffer by releasing or absorbing minerals
It regulates blood pH directly
It filters out acidic compounds from the blood
What are the two main components of the bone matrix?
Blood and cartilage
Nerves and lymph
Muscle and fat
Protein and mineral
Which protein is the major component of the organic matrix in bone?
Elastin
Keratin
Collagen
Actin
What happens when forces applied to bone exceed its capacity for elastic deformation?
Plastic deformation
Elastic deformation
Brittle fracture
Compressive strength
From which type of stem cells do osteoblasts arise?
Hematopoietic stem cells
Epithelial stem cells
Mesenchymal stem cells
Neural stem cells
Which bone formation process involves replacing cartilage with bone?
Intramembranous ossification
Endochondral ossification
Membranous ossification
Fibrous ossification
What type of ossification is responsible for the formation of membrane bones of the skull?
Intramembranous ossification
Endochondral ossification
Fibrocartilaginous ossification
Vascular ossification
Which enzyme provides high concentrations of phosphate at the mineral deposition site during bone formation?
Alkaline phosphatase
Carbonic anhydrase
Lactase
Glucose-6-phosphatase
What component of the bone matrix is essential for its mineralization?
Cartilage
Collagen fibers
Hydroxyapatite
Synovial fluid
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